How to Read and Write Any Language — A Quick Guide

Share this:

This is our guide to getting your head around any major writing system, plus an argument for how to read and write any language.

Many first-time language learners say:

“Oh, I don’t need to read and write. I just want to learn to speak it.”

We get it! Speaking to people is so much more fun than learning to read the newspaper (unless you really love the news).

But learning to read and write another language is very rewarding — even if you only ever are a slow reader. It might look hard, but you might be surprised to find it you can learn a whole new system of reading or writing in just a few hours!

The only languages that will take longer than a few hours are Chinese and Japanese, due to the importance of characters.

Here’s an introduction to major writing systems from around the world. This is from the perspective of a language learner. This is different from an academic’s perspective, so you won’t find complicated language in here like in textbooks.

Korean and Hebrew Graffiti. Wouldn't it be fun if you could read it?

Become a Discoverer

Like this in-depth guide and want more in your inbox? Join our mailing list! Get weekly fun and super deep guides to languages, cultures, and remote parts of the world.


Why Learn to Read and Write Any Language?

You can actually get by not learning a script at all. Even Chinese (though you’ll end up thinking in characters anyway).

Six quick reasons why you should learn another writing system:

  1. You’ll learn words more quickly.
  2. Menus. You can eat food. See for example our post on decoding menus in Arabic, 80-20 style.
  3. Street signs. You won’t get lost.
  4. Apps. Some places have their own apps, much better than what Google can provide.
  5. You can understand notes, text messages and blog comments written to you by your friends in another country.
  6. It’s really fun to write in another language.

OK, I really like the last reason to learn a script. It’s like a secret code. Who doesn’t like codes?

The Rosetta Stone, the ultimate code-breaking tool between languages.
The Rosetta Stone, the ultimate code-breaking tool between languages.

One of the most fascinating things to me is that in the diversity of human languages lies another form of diversity, and that’s the intricate writing systems we have.

Everyone is loosely aware of different alphabets, that some writing systems go right-to-left (or even vertically, traditionally at least) and that some are character-based. But there are other, different writing systems still in common use today.

It would be cute and fun to examine ALL the writing systems of the world, historically, like ancient Persian and hieroglyphs, or future writing systems like when we’re entirely using emoji.

But we take a practical 80/20 focus and examine only the most common languages spoken today, the 25 most spoken according to Wikipedia — total speakers, not just native.

Take a look at that list for a second. It’s about languages, and we dove into looking at the scripts.

One interesting thing we noticed is the way you can group the scripts into four main groups (plus a couple of outliers):

  • Latin: Many languages use Latin script or a close derivative: English, the European languages, a few Central and East Asian languages (Turkish and Vietnamese)
  • Indian: There are so many Indian languages in the list! Their writing systems are mostly related to the written script used for Hindi (Devanagari).
  • Chinese characters: There are several Chinese languages. These all have the same formal written form (but different informal forms, like what you’d see in a gossip rag)
  • Arabic: Arabic covers a few major ones other than Arabic: Urdu, Hindi and Farsi (which are the same, just with slightly different pronunciation and a few extra letters). Hebrew (not on the list) is very closely related to Arabic, too.
  • Outliers: Also Russian and Korean but thankfully those aren’t hard.

And let’s not just analyse them for fun. Let’s look at how hard they’d be.

You might also like…

The Goal of Learning to Read and Write Other Scripts

We don’t learn languages with the purpose of reading (let alone writing) poetry. We take a functional, 80/20 approach to language learning.

Our goal is to learn communication to survive, to understand a culture, and generally to minimise social friction and exist in a native language environment.

That means that we always assess whether it’s necessary to learn a writing system.

Take Javanese, for example (not on our list, but a good example). Traditionally, it was written using a different writing system. In modern times, it’s written in Latin script for all common use. We’d make do with Latin script.

Javanese script. An example of how to write the most common languages, though it's not used in print.
Javanese script, first chapter of the UN Declaration of Human Rights. It was hard to find an example of Javanese in Latin characters as it’s mostly used in speech and only some columns, so a contribution would be welcome.

In contrast, Chinese is written in Chinese characters, and it has resisted being modernised. However, pronunciation is taught in schools and textbooks using “‘Pinyin”, a Romanization that’s actually totally standardised.

How Hard Are the Various Writing Systems?

There are four main dimensions to analyse when trying to learn to read and write any language, with some overlap between them (it could be a flowchart, but with four elements it’d be very small).

Like most of what we do at Discover Discomfort, we’ll write from the perspective of someone who speaks, reads and writes English fluently, as English is the language we primarily use to learn things.

You might be an Arabic, Spanish or Chinese (or something else) native speaker, but if you were to go learn a new language, chances are — if you’re an audience member of this blog — that you’re going to go learn in English for the breadth and quality of resources.

Dimension 1: Is the Writing System Alphabetic, Syllabic, or Character-Based?

There are a few ways of classifying writing systems, but I like the one presented here.

Looking at the systems used for the most common 25 spoken languages, we can summarize them further into alphabetic, syllabic or character-based writing systems.

Most writing systems have alphabets. You can count your lucky stars if the language you want to learn is, too.

An alphabetic language is one that uses an alphabet. That is, each character can represent a vowel or a consonant, and they’re combined to form syllables. Typically there are less than 30-ish letters in the alphabets, and you can master reading the entire alphabet in a couple of hours.

Examples of alphabet-based writing systems include English, French, Russian, Arabic and two of the three Japanese writing systems.

(If you want to get technical, Arabic and Hebrew are actually ​consonant​-based, but still, they have some vowels and write them out, so it’s conceptually very similar to alphabets.)

Syllabic systems: Some writing systems, like Indian ones, are syllabic. Like it sounds, this means each individual character represents one syllable (sometimes a grouping of syllables).

The best examples of these are Japanese writing systems, Hiragana and Katakana. These have origins in other writing systems, but the characters are purely phonetic.

Kanji origins of Katakana writing system.
Kanji origins of Katakana writing system.

All common Indian writing systems, like Devanagari, used for Hindi and Marathi, are syllabic; yes, there’s a consonant and a vowel, but they’re ​always​ grouped into a syllable. Syllables then make up words.

Image from newspaper article, from a Hindi news website, corresponding to the text in Hindi you can learn to decode.

पिछले 15 वर्षो में अनेक उपलब्धियों के बावजूद कई चुनौतियां शेष हैं। उत्तम और किफायती स्वास्थ्य सेवाओं तक सभी की समान पहुंच नहीं है और संचारी एवं गैर संचारी रोगों का गैर अनुपातिक दबाव बना हुआ है। स्वास्थ्य के लिए बजटीय आबंटन भी कम है। पिछले दशक में सरकार ने स्वास्थ्य पर जीडीपी का लगभग 1% व्यय किया जोकि विश्व के दूसरे देशों के हिसाब से बहुत कम है। खंडित योजनाओं और वर्टिकल डिजीज़ प्रोग्राम्स के कारण इस राशि का भी अच्छी तरह से उपयोग नहीं किया जा सका।

From a Hindi news website. First sentence (bold) transliterates to “pichhale 15 varsho mein anek upalabdhiyon ke baavajood kaee chunautiyaan shesh hain”. Just looking at that, you can find some patterns.

Korean kind of is syllabic too – the vowel and consonant letters are grouped together into syllables and you can’t randomly form any grouping you want.

Korean characters look like Chinese characters to the unfamiliar, and in fact are written with the same stroke order rules, but are far more structured (and also less rich in meaning — purely phonetic). You learn over time what syllables make sense together.


Korean Hangul handwriting. Fairly similar to the typed text.

Very few common writing systems are character-based, but if you’re learning one, then good luck! The only major one in common use, in fact, is the Chinese (Hanzi)/Japanese (Kanji) writing system, which has a large degree of overlap (in meaning, though not in pronunciation). 

A little more detail here since there’s so much to be said. In Chinese Hanzi, each character usually is pronounced with one articulated syllable (e.g. 是 is pronounced shì, which is like how you pronounce the “shi” part of “shirt”, with a downward sloping accent).

However, one pronounced syllable can have many — like, dozens! — of corresponding characters. So if someone were to just write shì, you would have to enquire if they mean 是, 事, 市, 师 or many others. These all have totally unrelated meanings.

See here for a bunch more interesting facts about the Chinese language.

A character does usually correspond with one meaning (sometimes broad). Like the 机 character always means ‘device’. If there’s a hand character in front of it, it’s a hand device (cell phone). If there is an image device before it, it’s an image device (camera).

In Japanese, the character does, similarly, correspond to one meaning. But there can at times be multiple pronunciations of the character: either the Japanese one or the Chinese-derived one. 

Comparison of Chinese characters and Pinyin transliteration. Chinese is one of the hardest common languages to learn to read and write.

Finally, Korean language learners may be aware of “Hanja”. Korean used to be written in Chinese characters, but it was modernised to the modern Hangeul writing system hundreds of years ago.

Still, there are Hanja in modern use, like for some common signs, and country names. People nearly always have names that are rooted in Hanja. So they exist in modern Korean, but a little bit like Latin does in modern English-speaking countries — some people might study it, and we loosely know that many words have roots in the language, but young people no longer study Hanja deeply.

Dimension 2: If an Alphabet, How Different Is It to the Latin Alphabet?

The easiest languages are those where there are zero differences, like Bahasa Indonesia (Malay/Indonesian language). There are no extra characters, and just a few pronunciation differences (like the ‘c’ is pronounced ch).

Close behind are those that just have a few modifications, like Latin languages (French, Spanish etc.) or other ones (like German, Turkish), which have a few extra characters or accents, like the é and ç in French, or the ñ in Spanish.

Next up is Vietnamese, which now uses Latin characters but a quite different pronunciation system, with its tones and very different sounds.

Sure, it might look similar compared to another writing system, but I would feel confused as to how to order spring rolls if I had to say “Gỏi cuốn” out loud.

Vietnamese newspaper, showing how it's written
Vietnamese newspaper. Can you decode it? Are you Indiana Jones?

Then there are languages with alphabets that are foreign. Russian’s Cyrillic alphabet and Arabic script (used in Urdu and Farsi as well) are the best examples of these.

Korean, too, has quite a foreign writing system. It’s not too hard though… just learn the 30-odd characters and how to pronounce them, and work to get faster.

Handwritten Russian, a transcription of "Death of the Poet".
“Death of the Poet”, handwritten in Russian. Makes me squint.
Persian "zoomorphic" calligraphy, with lettering in the shape of animals (in this case, a horse).
Persian “zoomorphic” calligraphy, with lettering in the shape of animals (in this case, a horse).

Dimension 3: How Phonetic Is the Alphabet?

It seems to me that every common language that uses an alphabet is more consistently phonetic than English.

Think of the poor people who have to learn why in English we pronounce differently the words “bought”, “bough”, “cough”, “through”, “tough” and “furlough”, or why we pronounce the same way the words “care”, “bear”, “hair”, “there”, “their” and “millionaire”. (Here’s a good story of how we got this way.)

So that’s the good news. Every language other than English is largely phonetic when reading, with some curious exceptions that nobody is going to hassle you about, like how to pronounce un oeuf (one egg) in French vs des oeufs (several eggs).

Learning to write is a different story, but that’s not our goal, except for casual texting (at the sophisticated level of ‘r u going to the thing tonight’).

The main complication with other major scripts (aside from characters) are Arabic script languages, which only write long vowels (a like part, ee like feet), and don’t usually write in short vowels (a like pat, e like pet).

The Qur'an, typically the most elegant presentation of Arabic script, while preserving legibility.
The Qur’an, typically the most elegant presentation of Arabic script, while preserving legibility.

Dimension 4: How Many Characters Do You Have to Learn?

Less is fewer!

The fewer new letters or symbols you have to learn, the easier a time you’re going to have.

Easiest: Latin scripts. This is regardless of whether they have extra letters/rules. Like Indonesian. A walk in the park! French and Spanish and German aren’t far behind despite the ç, ü and ñ which just add a little spice.

Not too hard: non-Latin alphabets. In the case of alphabets in the most common languages, it’s never too many. Korean has 24, Arabic has 28 and Russian has 31 and some are just Latin letters backwards (and totally different). Seems easy to swallow, right? You could knock that out in a couple of hours!

Japanese Hiragana and Katakana aren’t much more difficult, each with 46 characters in common use (and you have to learn both because they’re used for different things).

Russian newspaper in Cyrillic script, to show how the lettering is formed.
Russian newspaper. Things were going well, until you saw a 3 in the middle of the word.

Harder: Indian languages. These have more primary characters, plus rules on combining them. Take Devanagari, the script system used in Hindi and Marathi. It has 47 primary characters (33 consonants, 14 vowels).

But it doesn’t stop there in Devanagari. The vowels have a primary form, as well as a secondary where they’re connected to modify the pronunciation of a consonant (forming a syllabic character). Add on to that the modifiers, which modify the pronunciation (e.g. nasalizing the vowel in different ways, adding an aspiration or removing the vowel altogether). Finally, ligatures, which mean that you have to learn to recognize when two consonants are fused together, including a few exceptions.

If there’s a character-based writing system like Kanji or Hanzi… well, good luck. Look for articles called “How to learn 2,000 characters in 3 months” and know that that’s the elite goal, not the standard pace.

There is a large amount of conflict over how many characters you ‘have’ to learn. In Chinese, I’d argue that learning around 3-500 characters is a minimum if you’re going to make any effort, and kind of fun to learn anyway, 2,500 characters will greatly assist your existence and 3,500 characters will allow you to lead the full professional life of a foreigner (e.g. you work for IBM but in a 100% Chinese environment).

It’s different in Japan, where Hiragana and Katakana exist alongside Kanji. Unfortunately, they’re all mixed together, so you have to learn all three. Your total goal may be lower though.

It’s a common refrain that you have to learn around 2,000 to fully understand Japanese, but learning the first 500 will get you a long way. I like the advice given on this page when it comes to learning Kanji, when it comes to that.

Image result for most common hanzi
An excerpt of just a few of the most common Chinese characters. Source

How Long Does it Take to Read and Write?

Let’s put all of the above together and consider how hard all of these scripts are, and why. You might know already!

So let’s consider how long it’d take to get reasonably good at one of these, planning an hour of study a day just on the writing system.

Months: Japanese & Chinese. For Japanese, you need to know three alphabets if you’re going to learn any at all. Secondly, two of them aren’t easy with 46 letters each, and Kanji is no joke, even if you ‘only’ learn 500. For Chinese, if you’re going to learn Hanzi, you should plan for 500 at a minimum (doable, with flashcards), and then see how far you can go. It’s a huge investment.

A week or two: Indian languages (including Hindi, Marathi, Telugu, Bengali, Punjabi and Tamil): These have lots of base letters (e.g. 47 in Devanagari, used in Hindi and Marathi), rules for combining consonants with vowels and other vowels, and some exceptions, and it gets eye-wateringly complicated for the novice.

A few days: Any non-Latin alphabet, or extended Latin alphabets: Russian, Korean, Arabic, Latin, Hebrew, Vietnamese… these are all at least slightly tricky but spend a few sessions over a few days memorizing the letter shapes and you’re there. OK, then drill it in over a few days, as you’ll almost definitely forget it if you don’t return to it.

Maybe 10 minutes: Latin scripts. Latin languages, German, Turkish, Indonesian languages and a few others. You basically already know them! Just learn a few extra characters or pronunciation rules and you’re done.

What’s next?

Get learning! If you’re interested in learning how to write a language, we recommend Memrise or Duolingo. We don’t recommend them for advanced language learning, but they’re good for the beginning stages of learning script and characters.

Chinese Hanzi and Japanese Kanji are their own beast, and we have a post on our favourite tools there, including Skritter. You’ll learn hundreds of characters in no time!

Share this:

Similar Posts

Subscribe
Notify of
guest

4 Comments
Oldest
Newest Most Voted
Inline Feedbacks
View all comments
Debby
Debby
3 years ago

“Saben uwong kalairake kanthi mardika lan darbe martabat lan hak-hak kang padha. Kabeh pinaringan akal lan kalbu sarta kaajab pasrawungan anggone memitran siji lan sijine kanthi jiwo sumadulur.”

This is the Latin characters version for that Javanese script. I used to learn the traditional Javanese language system in primary and secondary school.

Janice
Janice
1 year ago

Thanks for the interesting article. The caption for the Japanese example figure isn’t quite right. The caption on the original website is, “The below chart shows the Kanji and their parts from which Katakana characters were formed.” The chart has kanji and katakana. There are no hiragana in the figure.